Dear Professor Udogu:
Thank you for your intervention. Solutions to so-called ethnic-induced violence, such as is occurring in South Sudan, must be rooted, as I have argued elsewhere, in relevant stakeholders answering a series of questions:
(1) Do we want to live together as a nation? (Madiba, may his soul rest in peace, probably asked himself and his compatriots this question).
(2) If yes, then, how do we want to relate to each other and how are we going to resolve the conflicts that invariably arise from our socio-political interaction, which, of course, include trade and the allocation of resources?
(3) Economists, political scientists, moral philosophers, and legal scholars have debated answers to these questions since the time of Adam Smith. I have surveyed this literature extensively and thoroughly and have included that the most important contribution is that by economists James M. Buchanan and Geoffrey Brennan. I do not know of Madiba read this literature, but his work on the dismantling of South African apartheid and the setting up of a non-racial democratic system in South Africa is in line with what these two economists prescribed.
(4) In any African country, for example, South Sudan, the desire by individuals and groups (ethnic, religious, or other) to maximize their interests and values (e.g., create wealth; worship God or their ancestors; "get rich," get married and raise a family; etc.) would, given the universal existence of scarcity, produce conflict. The question is: How can the society (e.g., South Sudan) deal effectively with a state of the world in which there is likely to be violent mobilization by individuals and groups seeking ways to maximize their own interests? What is the "escape route"? Brennan and Buchanan's work produced two escape routes: (i) the capacity of those who reside in the country (or society) to love each other; and (ii) the design and adoption of rules (what Adam Smith called "laws and institutions") that would provide effective mechanisms for the coordination of the activities of all individuals within that society and the peaceful resolution of any and all conflicts arising from socio-political interaction. The latter--that is, the design and adoption of laws and institutions--is considered a more efficient, sustainable, and predictable way to deal with coordination problems and provide for the peaceful resolution of conflict. This, apparently, is the approach chosen by Mandela and his ANC party to deal with the infamous apartheid system in South Africa. Of course, one can always sprinkle a little love into the process, but that is a personal choice which individuals have to make.
(5) But, how does one create such laws and institutions? One way to answer this question is to say, read a good biography of Nelson Mandela and the story of South Africa's transformation. But, if we summarize for the purpose of this discussion, we can distill the following points: (i) South Sudan's political elites must seek to create a society in which all of the relevant stakeholders (Nuer, Dinka, etc.) can live together peacefully and pursue their interests without infringing on the ability of others to do the same. (ii) South Sudan political elites must not seek, as it appears they have done since July 2011 (independence), to set up structures that enhance their own personal power at the expense of peaceful coexistence--this is where Mandela's legacy comes into play; (iii) engage all citizens, regardless of their "station-in-life") in the transformation of the critical domains--that is, the political, administrative, and judicial foundations of the state.
I have elaborated these points elsewhere. If you want the relevant references, I can send them to you. But, please look at: Brennan, G. and Buchanan, J. M., The Reason of Rules: Constitutional Political Economy (1985); Buchanan, J. M., The Economics and Ethics of Constitutional Order (1994).
On Tue, Dec 24, 2013 at 10:14 AM, kenneth harrow <harrow@msu.edu> wrote:
i'd like your evaluation, gloria, of the extent to which these resources are driving policy.
for instance, the u.s. invasion was widely seen as being based on the desire to control oil. since the fighting ended and contracts were awarded, i got glimpses of the dismay of american companies in being outbid by others--but i have no idea of the extent of this, or whether this factor is determinant or merely contributing.
that is my way of asking you the question: can you evaluate that distinction in the cases you cite?
ken
On 12/24/13 2:02 AM, Emeagwali, Gloria (History) wrote:And which countries will receive and benefit from the oil exports?
I remember that China had a very cosy relationship with Khartoum
and imported most of the available oil before the secession.
In the case of the U.S, it was not Chevron but Coca Cola
that called many of the shots in Khartoum - over gum arabic (acacia senegalensis) -
used in the confectionery, beer brewing and beverage sector.
No gum arabic no Coke!
Darfur's generous supply of uranium certainly did not hurt Khartoum.
(Some unconfirmed sources claim that it has the third largest supply of uranium in the
world, but I have not been able to verify this)
But for South Sudan it is not uranium or gum arabic that counts- but oil,
as John rightly points out.
So we have to pay attention to the potential beneficiaries, manipulators and
interest groups associated with the global oil market - in addition to
the domestic forces.
Professor Gloria Emeagwali
africahistory.net
vimeo.com/user5946750/videos
Documentaries on Africa and the African Diaspora
________________________________
From: usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com [usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com] On Behalf Of John Mbaku [jmbaku@weber.edu]
Sent: Monday, December 23, 2013 4:44 PM
To: usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - BLAME OBAMA FOR S. SUDAN
Watch out. In the end, we will recognize the main objective of the fighting: who will control the enormous royalties flowing from the export of South Sudan's oil exports? I have read some commentators claiming that the fight has to do with the demotion and/or ouster of Nuer guards from the presidential guard detail. Perhaps, but history teaches us a lot about these types of ethnic-induced carnage--the naked fight for control of a country's resources requires that the fighters have some type of organizational structure from which to launch their struggle. Organizing for action, especially in a country like South Sudan, is quite costly and time-consuming. The ethnic group represents a ready-made organizational structure from which to launch one's fight for control of the apparatus of government and, of course, who ever captures the government, will automatically have access to the billions of dollars flowing into the national treasury from oil sales. Those who think that this is a struggle for ethnic survival or that this is part of so-called historical animosities between the Dinka and the Nuer, should remember that South Sudan is not the first country in which "ethnic entrepreneurs" have used their membership in various groups to secure public positions from which they can engage successfully in primitive accumulation. Are we surprised that some of the actors in this conflict have abandoned Juba and are racing toward the country's oil fields?
On Mon, Dec 23, 2013 at 10:48 AM, kenneth harrow <harrow@msu.edu<mailto:harrow@msu.edu>> wrote:
i've been refraining from joining in since our house is without electricity, ice storm, 100,000 people maybe without electricity for a week. so, now, in the warmth of my office, one thought. we've been around this discussion before, and moses had some pretty good arguments in favor of maintaining at least a recognition that african actors bear responsibility for their acts. but as gloria says, actions may have multiple sources. and i want to add one thing: which weighs more or less in each case? when the rwandan genocide occurred, the failure to bolster un peacekeepers meant that a deterrent force that could have stopped it was kept away.
but if we were to ask where the responsibility within rwanda lay, it gets very complicated, and only newspaper journalists feel obliged to reduce it to a headline and a column of print.
i think the best historians devote their lives to these questions, who bears the responsibility, and how much freedom to act did they have. we already debated that question about mandela faced with a new global order when he emerged from prison.
so the best answer i've received is, all african states face global economic and political forces: each meets those forces its own way, and some fare better than others, some make better decisions than others.
ken
On 12/23/13 9:49 AM, Emeagwali, Gloria (History) wrote:
Indeed. How can you solve a problem if you don't understand the historical, international,
sociological and even psychological dimensions of the phenomenon in question?
Life is complex and so, too, are crisis situations. In this case it is important to know
whether Machar made a deal with Khartoum, and the allies of Khartoum,
for conflict resolution purposes. We need to know also whether resources are
skewed in the direction of one region at the expense of the other etc. etc.
' The devil made me do it' is no less simplistic than 'Africans are
inherently evil' ---- in the world of caricature.
Professor Gloria Emeagwali
africahistory.net<http://africahistory.net>
vimeo.com/user5946750/videos<http://vimeo.com/user5946750/videos>
Documentaries on Africa and the African Diaspora
http://vimeo.com/66699182
Docu on Sudan
________________________________
From: usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com<mailto:usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com> [usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com<mailto:usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>] On Behalf Of kwame zulu shabazz [kwameshabazz@gmail.com<mailto:kwameshabazz@gmail.com>]
Sent: Monday, December 23, 2013 8:29 AM
To: usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com<mailto:usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - BLAME OBAMA FOR S. SUDAN
Bro Pablo,
Context and periodization are essential tools of peacemakers and political solutions...certainly not synonymous with your "devil made me do it" caricature.
kzs
On Dec 23, 2013 7:43 AM, "Pablo Idahosa" <pidahosa@yorku.ca<mailto:pidahosa@yorku.ca><mailto:pidahosa@yorku.ca<mailto:pidahosa@yorku.ca>>> wrote:
Right on, John.
They-made-me-do-it gets very tiresome. It reminds me of one our prestigious African academics responding to patrimonial this and extraversion that, and he responded, "naw oh, they just go steal!"
While, Kwame, there's always a time and place for context and periodization, here, at least, it is people, folks as you say in the US, making decisions that have effects upon those whom they know, or don't care, go suffer, irrespective of local geo-politics and regardless of the historic conditions that gave rise to the general conditions. Basta!
Pablo
Sent from my grandfather's typewriter (MM)
On Dec 22, 2013, at 4:04 PM, John Mbaku <jmbaku@weber.edu<mailto:jmbaku@weber.edu><mailto:jmbaku@weber.edu<mailto:jmbaku@weber.edu>>> wrote:
Dear KZS:
I am sorry, but when it comes to human atrocities in Africa, or anywhere else, I do not buy the "Devil-made-me-do-it" defense. South Sudanese soldiers are killing their fellow citizens and they must be made to account for their actions. Such behavior cannot be excused by reference to some supposed meddling by external actors. As an African, I cannot support any attempt to justify this shameful behavior on the part of individuals who took an oath to defend the people of South Sudan.
On Sunday, December 22, 2013, Emeagwali, Gloria (History) wrote:
The point of Dinka -Nuer conflict over cattle is noted.
Do we have specialists on the list who can comment
in more detail on the nature of their relationship during
and after the colonial era?
Professor Gloria Emeagwali
Prof. of History & African Studies
History Department
vimeo.com/user5946750/videos<http://vimeo.com/user5946750/videos><http://vimeo.com/user5946750/videos>
Documentaries on Africa and the African Diaspora
________________________________
From: usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com<mailto:usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com> [usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com<mailto:usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>] On Behalf Of kwame zulu shabazz [kwameshabazz@gmail.com<mailto:kwameshabazz@gmail.com>]
Sent: Saturday, December 21, 2013 7:17 PM
To: usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com<mailto:usaafricadialogue@googlegroups.com>
Subject: Re: USA Africa Dialogue Series - BLAME OBAMA FOR S. SUDAN
Brother John,
There is nothing "nuanced" about ignoring the mostly negative role of western foreign policy in most African conflicts. In fact what you advocate is the antithesis of nuance. The point of nuance would not be simply blaming one side or the other, rather it demands that we analyze the complex relationship between internal and external forces. Stating the obvious and important fact that US/France/UK and the rest have profoundly influenced African geopolitics for the worse is not tantamount to claiming that African leaders are "mindless puppets." Nor does it mean that we that we shouldn't hold the shooters responsible who "kill their own brothers and sisters" (we might question your assumption that black aggressors view their black victims as "brothers and sisters"). As for Sudan, even before Arab and western interference, as I recall, Nuer and Dinkas, for example, were not on brotherly terms. For instance, I seem to remember that cattle raiding was common. Arabization and the increasingly scarcity of resources have combined to make Southern Sudanese conflicts more deadly. Also, the US and Israel have been supporting secession in Sudan since the early 80s. An appeal to nuance needs to have all of these factors on board. I have not followed the current crop of leaders closely, but Garang, I believe, was a masterful strategist. That doesn't mean that his strategy of leaning on the USA and Israel cannot have deleterious outcomes or that we can't hold the USA and Israel accountable for their malfeasance aimed at South Sudanese resources (US/Israel) and undermining Khartoum (Israel).
kzs
On Sat, Dec 21, 2013 at 6:47 PM, John Mbaku <jmbaku@weber.edu<mailto:jmbaku@weber.edu><mailto:jmbaku@weber.edu<mailto:jmbaku@weber.edu>>> wrote:
How can anyone blame what is happening in South Sudan on outside actors? Who is undertaking the actual killing of people? Are not South Sudan soldiers pulling the trigger and killing their own brothers and sisters? Unless one argues that South Sudan leaders are just mindless puppets being manipulated by outside actors, I cannot see how the West can be blamed for what is currently taking place in South Sudan. The situation needs a more nuanced and contextual analysis and blaming the West is not it!
On Sat, Dec 21, 2013 at 4:21 PM, kwame zulu shabazz <kwameshabazz@gmail.com<mailto:kwameshabazz@gmail.com><mailto:kwameshabazz@gmail.com<mailto:kwameshabazz@gmail.com>>> wrote:
Brother Layi,
"Looking inwards" is really not very different from what the white enslavers said about indigenous Americans, Tazmanians, Aboriginal Australians on and on. The justification was always that the victims were"warlike," or "backwards" or "heathens" thus "incapable of governing themselves." I think we can and must critique all sides of the problem. Yes, absolutely, we should demand that our misleaders do better, but we must also point out that they get lots of help. Looking over your list: the Belgians devastated Congo and, later, an American president, Eisenhower, authorized the assassination of Lumumba. The CIA then helped to prop up Mobutu. Charles Taylor was working with the CIA, magically escaped from a US prison and somehow made it back to West Africa w/out being detected. UNITA in Angola was backed by Reagan. "Outside (western) forces" have profoundly influenced African geopolitics. These are facts, not excuse making.
kzs
On Saturday, December 21, 2013 3:10:40 PM UTC-5, Abegunrin, Olayiwola M. wrote:
My people,
Why do we always blame outside forces for most of our problems in Africa? We need to look inward and see the kind of leadership who have imposed themselves on our peoples and claiming that they were elected to rule us. See what is happening in Democratic Republic of Congo, in Nigeria, in Central African Republic, in Liberia, in Angola and other countries in the continent. Are these so-called leaders committed to serve the African peoples or serve their personal pockets and their neo-colonial masters, especially the western Multinational Corporations that are been used as proxies? No outside power or powers can impose them-selves on us if our visionless, selfish, greedy rulers calling themselves leaders are not sellout or play into the hands of the outside powers. We need to wake up and look inward. People get the kind of government they deserve.
Layi
From: usaafric...@googlegroups.com<mailto:usaafric...@googlegroups.com> [usaafric...@googlegroups.com<mailto:usaafric...@googlegroups.com>] On Behalf Of william bangura [william....@gmail.com<mailto:william....@gmail.com>]
Sent: Saturday, December 21, 2013 1:06 PM
To: usaafric...@googlegroups.com<mailto:usaafric...@googlegroups.com>
Subject: USA Africa Dialogue Series - BLAME OBAMA FOR S. SUDAN
I am at the juncture where I hate to opine on the problems of sub-Saharan Africa. The architect of the independence of South Sudan, Susan Rice should have been prepared for this craziness in South Sudan where my brethren are suffering due to none of their exploits. President Obama should have critically analyzed the template of "independent" Africa to anticipate the current debacle.
William Bangura (WB)
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3807 University Circle
Ogden, UT 84408-3807, USA
(801) 626-7442 Phone
(801) 626-7423 Fax
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kenneth w. harrow
faculty excellence advocate
professor of english
michigan state university
department of english
619 red cedar road
room C-614 wells hall
east lansing, mi 48824
ph. 517 803 8839
harrow@msu.edu
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You received this message because you are subscribed to the "USA-Africa Dialogue Series" moderated by Toyin Falola, University of Texas at Austin.
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For previous archives, visit http://www.utexas.edu/conferences/africa/ads/index.html
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JOHN MUKUM MBAKU, ESQ.
J.D. (Law), Ph.D. (Economics)
Graduate Certificate in Environmental and Natural Resources Law
Nonresident Senior Fellow, The Brookings Institution
Attorney & Counselor at Law (Licensed in Utah)
Presidential Distinguished Professor of Economics & Willard L. Eccles Professor of Economics and John S. Hinckley Fellow
Department of Economics
Weber State University
3807 University Circle
Ogden, UT 84408-3807, USA
(801) 626-7442 Phone
(801) 626-7423 Fax
J.D. (Law), Ph.D. (Economics)
Graduate Certificate in Environmental and Natural Resources Law
Nonresident Senior Fellow, The Brookings Institution
Attorney & Counselor at Law (Licensed in Utah)
Presidential Distinguished Professor of Economics & Willard L. Eccles Professor of Economics and John S. Hinckley Fellow
Department of Economics
Weber State University
3807 University Circle
Ogden, UT 84408-3807, USA
(801) 626-7442 Phone
(801) 626-7423 Fax
You received this message because you are subscribed to the "USA-Africa Dialogue Series" moderated by Toyin Falola, University of Texas at Austin.
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For previous archives, visit http://www.utexas.edu/conferences/africa/ads/index.html
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