WASHINGTON — The State Department is financing a new 24-hour satellite television channel in the turbulent northern region of Nigeria that American officials say is crucial to countering the extremism of radical groups such as Boko Haram. The move signals a ramping up of American counterinsurgency efforts to directly challenge the terrorist group, which abducted nearly 300 Nigerian schoolgirls in April.
State Department officials acknowledged that setting up an American-supported channel could prove challenging in a region where massacres, bombings and shootings by Boko Haram are common, and where the American government and Western educational programs are far from popular. The group has been known to attack media organizations in Nigeria.
The new television channel, to be called Arewa24 — arewa means north in the Hausa language — is financed by the State Department's Bureau of Counterterrorism, and it is expected to cost about $6 million. State Department officials would discuss the program only on the condition of anonymity, and offered sparse information about it. But details have emerged in publicly available contracting documents and in interviews with people familiar with the effort.
Boko Haram Kidnapping Tactics, Explained
Some background on the Islamist group that has been trying to topple Nigeria's government for years.
Credit Sunday Alamba/Associated Press
The project was started last year and is run in Nigeria by Equal Access International, a San Francisco-based government contractor that has managed media programs sponsored by the State Department in Yemen and Pakistan that encourage youth participation in politics, in addition to countering Islamist extremism. Work on the project is nearing completion, but broadcasts have not yet begun.
State Department officials insisted that the Nigerian government was aware of the television project, and that it had not planned to hide American support for the program, which has not been previously disclosed. "However, U.S. sponsorship will not be advertised or promoted," a State Department official said.
The goal of the channel is to provide original content, including comedies and children's programs that will be created, developed and produced by Nigerians. State Department officials said they hoped to provide an alternative to the violent propaganda and recruitment efforts of Boko Haram.
Many foreign policy experts, while applauding State Department programs to counter the efforts of Boko Haram and other extremist groups, said the new satellite project faced several challenges in a region with low levels of infrastructure, public services, literacy and security.
Access to electricity is limited in many rural areas of northern Nigeria, and few people own televisions. While some people might be able to view the programs on cellphones, a U.S.A.I.D. official recently told members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee that Boko Haram has been targeting cellphone towers to reduce access to communication services in the region.
Five Years of Attacks by Boko Haram in Nigeria
Boko Haram, the radical group that abducted more than 200 girls from a Nigerian village in April, has steadily increased the frequency and brutality of its attacks since its formation in 2002.
300
Number of
people killed
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200
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been under a state
of emergency since
May 2013.
Village
where the
schoolgirls
were abducted.
100
July
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
Reported attack
YOBE
BORNO
Abuja
ADAMAWA
NIGERIA
2009-10
2011
2012
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(to date)
In 2009, the group attacked a mosque and a police station, killing about 55 people. The next day, Nigerian security forces retaliated with a brutal crackdown. The group went underground, re-emerging with sporadic attacks in the second half of 2010.
Boko Haram greatly expanded its operations between 2011 and 2012, but scaled back in 2013 after Goodluck Jonathan, Nigeria's president, targeted the group in the three states where it is primarily based.
Though the government operation may have limited the group's reach, Boko Haram has increased the frequency and intensity of its attacks in the states of Borno and Yobe, and caused large casualties in the capital, Abuja.
Jacob Zenn, an Africa analyst at the Jamestown Foundation in Washington, said other issues could also limit the effectiveness of the satellite channel. Most members of Boko Haram speak Kanuri, a language also spoken in Niger and Cameroon, though the channel's programming will be in Hausa.
Mr. Zenn also said that most new members of Boko Haram are not Nigerians, but recruits from countries bordering Nigeria.
"Most Nigerians living in the region are aware of the destruction caused by Boko Haram, and they are opposed to the group," he said. "So any program that focuses just on people in the region would most likely be offset by the fact that the recruiting pool is transnational."
The terrorist group has had success in using video messaging, which is a key tool in its propaganda war against the Nigerian government and in gaining new recruits. The leader of the group, Abubakar Shekau, used a video message to claim responsibility for the abduction of the schoolgirls, who are from the town of Chibok in northeastern Nigeria. Mr. Shekau regularly posts videos on YouTube that feature sermons, appeals to recruits and footage of attacks.
The kidnapping of the girls "demonstrates the need for a strong and durable alternative narrative to the destructive narrative of Boko Haram and other violent extremists," a State Department official said.
Boko Haram Leader Releases Video
The leader of Nigeria's terrorist group Boko Haram, Abubakar Shekau, said his group was fighting to reinstate a medieval Islamic caliphate in northern Nigeria.
Credit Agence France-Presse — Getty Images
Documents show that the television channel is to target youths, "either subtly or explicitly," with Hausa-language programs that deliver "themes that reject political violence and violent extremism," but do not include "news or political reporting."
In addition, the documents show that the programming will also promote "interethnic and interfaith tolerance."
The State Department is expected to finance the channel for two years.
Details about the program have come to light in the wake of attempts by the State Department and the United States Agency for International Development to create Twitter-like social media programs in countries such as Cuba and Pakistan.
The Cuba effort was widely criticized after The Associated Press reported that it was set up to encourage political dissent on the island. Officials said the effort was part of American public diplomacy programs to encourage political discussions, not a covert program to overthrow the government.
But unlike the social media programs, the satellite television channel is part of an overall counterterrorism effort designed to delegitimize extremist ideology through the use of social media tools like Facebook and YouTube, as well as blogs, radio programs and online video games. State Department counterterrorism officials also engage with terrorist groups in online forums and in the comment sections on media websites. The effort is intended to reach what one State Department official called the "middle-grounders — the fence-sitters, the sympathizers and passive supporters."
The United States has long had a media presence in northern Nigeria. The Voice of America offers general Hausa-language news programs in the region, but State Department officials said the new project would go beyond simply providing information. In addition to the broadcasts, officials said the project would provide training to journalists in the region, including women, who would then be able to produce their own video content.